June
The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 15.1277 Wednesday, 16 June 2004 From: Susan Brock <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Tuesday, 15 Jun 2004 14:26:15 +0100 Subject: Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Archive Catalogue and RSC Performance Database The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust's archive catalogue and database of RSC production information is now available online through the Trust's website (www.shakespeare.org.uk/main/3/313) Visitors to the site will be able to access details of over 100,000 records relating to Stratford-upon-Avon and surrounding neighbourhood and information on past RSC production history from as far back as 1879 including actors, directors, designers and performances for a given year or theatre from the comfort of their own home. The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust first began collecting local archives in the 1860s and has since built up a notable collection of material, ranging in date from the mid 12th to the 21st century. The collection includes the records of some of Warwickshire's wealthiest families as well as documents relating to dozens of Warwickshire families and houses. The collection is already much used by family historians, house detectives and professional researchers, and it is hoped that through the on-line catalogue many more people will be able to utilise the resources and that the collection may become more widely known. Head of Archives and Local Studies Robert Bearman said: "Descriptions of about 80% of our local archive holdings are now accessible on-line and we are working steadily on converting the data for the remaining 20%. People all over the world will now be able to find out whether we hold here any archives of interest to them' The RSC Performance Database consists of comprehensive information about RSC productions . In the next update, scheduled for later in 2004 the information will then be linked to full catalogue records, so once the production has been found it will be possible to find if there's a video or a prompt book in the Library available for study, making the database a tremendously useful tool for users of the archives. RSC Librarian Sylvia Morris said "We hope that everyone from ordinary theatregoers to academics writing the definitive book on a major director will find the answers they are looking for on the database. You can find out when the RSC visited China, when Derek Jacobi last appeared with the company, what was on in 1953, or whether they've performed any of Vaclav Havel's plays." As well as launching the database the Trust has added a special section about the RSC to the Frequently Asked Questions section of its web site www.shakespeare.org.uk. The FAQs cover everything from details about the opening of the Swan Theatre to the use of non-professional actors on the RSC's stages. Further information can be obtained from: Robert Bearman, Head of Archives and Local History Sylvia Morris, RSC Librarian EmailThis email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. EmailThis email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. _______________________________________________________________ S H A K S P E R: The Global Shakespeare Discussion List Hardy M. Cook,This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The S H A K S P E R Web Site <http://www.shaksper.net> DISCLAIMER: Although SHAKSPER is a moderated discussion list, the opinions expressed on it are the sole property of the poster, and the editor assumes no responsibility for them.
The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 15.1276 Wednesday, 16 June 2004 From: Hardy M. Cook <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Wednesday, June 16, 2004 Subject: Shakespeare on DVD and Video Since I am no longer teaching three nights a week, I have had the opportunity to view some of my Shakespeare DVDs and videos. The new Criterion Olivier Richard III is gorgeous. Far better looking than, when on Sunday afternoon March 11, 1956, at eight-and-a-half-years old, I watched it on black-and-white television in one of my earliest Shakespeare experiences. As I was reminiscing, I thought that I also remembered seeing Richard Chamberlain as Richard II on television in the early 1970s. I did a web search and found that Chamberlain played Richard II in 1971 at the Seattle Repertory Theatre before reprising the role at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC. Now, I cannot remember whether I saw Chamberlain on TV or at the Kennedy Center. All that I recall of the performance was the final image of Richard's dying after putting up quite a fight and falling onto two boards that formed the shape of a cross. Can anyone help me out? Was the show broadcast or did I see it in the theater? Thanks, Hardy _______________________________________________________________ S H A K S P E R: The Global Shakespeare Discussion List Hardy M. Cook,This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The S H A K S P E R Webpage <http://www.shaksper.net> DISCLAIMER: Although SHAKSPER is a moderated discussion list, the opinions expressed on it are the sole property of the poster, and the editor assumes no responsibility for them.
The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 15.1275 Wednesday, 16 June 2004 From: Hardy M. Cook <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Wednesday, June 16, 2004 Subject: Bloomsday Dear SHAKSPEReans, Happy Bloomsday. One hundred years ago today, James Joyce went on his first date with Nora Barnacle, and the rest . . . (The connection, as if it were needed: on February 2, 1922, Ulysses was published in Paris by Shakespeare and Company.) Hardy PS: Anyone interested in reading a facsimile of the June 16, 1904, Evening Telegraph can find it at http://www.harenet.demon.co.uk/splitpea/LastPink.pdf _______________________________________________________________ S H A K S P E R: The Global Shakespeare Discussion List Hardy M. Cook,This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The S H A K S P E R Webpage <http://www.shaksper.net> DISCLAIMER: Although SHAKSPER is a moderated discussion list, the opinions expressed on it are the sole property of the poster, and the editor assumes no responsibility for them.
The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 15.1274 Tuesday, 15 June 2004 [1] From: Bill Arnold <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 06:16:12 -0700 (PDT) Subj: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago [2] From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 11:46:42 -0500 Subj: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago [3] From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 14:30:08 -0500 Subj: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzag [4] From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 14:30:08 -0500 Subj: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzag [1]----------------------------------------------------------------- From: Bill Arnold <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 06:16:12 -0700 (PDT) Subject: 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Comment: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Pamela Richards writes, "Hamlet believes that a person can see a ghost and still be sane." OK: this sentence and that follows from its ill-advised logic is sheer nonsense. OK: it seems to escapes some on SHAKSPER that *Hamlet* the play is a work of fiction, and that characters in plays, such as the spirit/ghost of Prince Hamlet's father is a fictional character in a play. Haven't you seen *E.T.* or *Star Wars*? Bill Arnold http://www.cwru.edu/affil/edis/scholars/arnold.htm [2]------------------------------------------------------------- From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 11:46:42 -0500 Subject: 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Comment: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Pamela Richards <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > >I find it fascinating, if inexplicable, that of all the kinds of >psychological studies that exist, apparently there are very few that >touch on belief systems as a factor underlying behavior. We might for a >moment assume that in most human beings who are not suffering from >pathology, beliefs are one factor that are taken into consideration when >a person makes a choice about how to behave. In fact, someone who is >mentally unbalanced could still have a belief system, which although it >corresponded poorly to reality or what we might call "truth", served to >motivate his actions. I think that forensic "profilers" deal with these >and other factors to learn about and anticipate the behavior of their >subjects. You are right about this, except for one thing. There is social psychological research-for the most up-to-date information on this, you'd have to consult an expert in the area of beliefs and behavior, which I am not-that shows how much our beliefs are the EFFECT of our behavior. So it is not always the case that we consciously formulate beliefs and then act, because we sometimes act rather mindlessly and formulate beliefs afterwards, i.e., I must believe X because I have been behaving as though I believed X. But Hamlet is a highly sensitive introvert, so my guess is that a for the most part, it is beliefs ->action, as you say >But instead of examining some hypothetical subject of "profiling" as an >example of this principle, we might return to the topic of Shakespeare's >play as a mirror of life for a moment and place a few of Hamlet's >apparent underlying beliefs under the microscope to see if he >demonstrates the principle of correspondence between belief and behavior . . . . I don't see anything wrong with any of this (litote?) >We could go on. I wonder how many items of the short list of beliefs >named above would be shared by those applying research in the field of >psychology to determine "truth?" I and two, most definitely not; 4 probably not. >Or, if we divorce Hamlet as Shakespeare wrote him from his beliefs and >force him to live consistently with modern-day beliefs shared by you and >other psychological researchers, let us be prepared to see some "antic" >behaviors that will be very hard to explain. Well, you wouldn't have Hamlet as Shakespeare wrote him, but I don't see why it would be hard to explain his antic behavior as a ploy >Is it true that there is no branch of the science of psychology that >looks into the belief structures of individuals or societies to help >explain behavior? It does seem like such a ripe field for study. Consult the social psychology area researchers at your local University, or get a hold of an Introduction to Psychology textbook and look up beliefs in the index David Cohen [3]------------------------------------------------------------- From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 14:30:08 -0500 Subject: 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Comment: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Edmund Taft <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > >David Cohen informs us that > >"The point can be applied to characters like Othello, for the power of >the Iagos of this world depend on the psychology of their victims. The >locus of explanation cannot simply be the Skinnerian "outside," a fact >upon which the heroic ship of Skinnerianism has foundered." > >Yes and no. As I'm sure you know, Skinner would argue that thinking does >not cause action - that's a fundamental mistake that we humans make. We >think AND act: action is not a by-product of will, volition, or thought; >it is shaped by the environment, period. So, in the case of Othello, >what happens (Skinner believes) is that once Iago begins to shape >Othello's environment, Othello's feelings and thoughts naturally follow >suit and conform to whatever belief system is reinforced by the >surrounding environment. Well, the fact is not what Skinner believes but what is actually so. (In fact, it is not what anyone says, including what I say, that makes something so, but evidence and by evidence I don't mean just what some talking head says is so, else the "truth" in all this is what the guy with the best logic and the most delightful metaphors says is true.) What you describe is marionette behavior-". . . what happens (Skinner believes) is that once Iago begins to shape Othello's environment, Othello's feelings and thoughts naturally follow suit and conform to whatever belief system is reinforced by the surrounding environment. Fact is, some people in some situations may act like marionettes, but others not. You seem to think that anyone could be duped by a Iago. But everything we know from individual differences psychology is that this can't be true. Why? Because there is more to behavior than just Skinnerian shaping. I thought my examples posted earlier made that abundantly clear-that what is inside is as important as what is outside. In the case of Othello, it is his peculiar temperament (febrile, sensitive, hypermasculine, i.e., given to sexual jealousy) that allows Iago to be effective. Iago brings out what is in Othello, he does not just put something in. Do you think that Skinnerian shaping via rewards and punishments can get an ordinary kid to play the piano like Rubinstein? You can use it to get a bear to dance, but it remains a bear, none the less. Do you think that punishing a great talent can do more than frustrate it. Leonard Bernstein's parents, fearing he might become a professional musician, tried to dissuade him by getting rid of the family piano! Fat chance. Carl Gauss was born about 200 years ago in a peasant's cottage located in what is now Germany. Little Carl had few educational opportunities during his "formative years." Talk about education disadvantage! What little parental encouragement he did get came from his mother. His father, an uncouth gardener, bricklayer, and canal tender, disapproved mightily of his son's interest in numbers. The worst possible upbringing for nurturing a talent. Moreover, Carl's giftedness was frustrated at school by a teacher who was as brutish as he was ignorant. It was frustrated at home by a father whose attitude was that, "Education is a passport to hell." Yet despite such disadvantages during his "formative years," Carl at age nineteen had become the greatest mathematician of all Europe. Some years later, he would become one of the greatest mathematicians and scientific geniuses of all time. Such amazing stories do more than tell about extraordinary children. They illuminate a deep truth about all children: Much of a child's psychological development is self-determined, not socially programmed. Much of it depends on talent and temperament, not instruction and reinforcement. And much of it resists pressure from external influences that would force it to be other than what it is. Carl Gauss's story well illustrates this fact of life. It reminds us just how much kids really are like rubber bands, resisting change imposed by circumstances, but if forced to change, reverting to their normal "shape" when circumstances permit. This is what Skinner failed to appreciate, for all his greatness. You seem to be confusing what people do and what they are, or suggesting that what they are is merely what they do. I beg to differ. Moreover, if Skinner was so right about behavior, why is is work pretty much a footnote in current psychological fields. The promise of Skinnerian psychology has gone the way of psychoanalytic theory, certainly its etiological side. Freud put too much into the mind, Skinner put too little. >With all due respect, Skinner is in no way the simpleton you make him >out to be. Proof that Skinner has made an important point is as easy as >comparing the 60's to the 90's. In the 60's, liberal thought was >everywhere and young people were almost automatically liberals. In the >go-go 90's, the climate (the environment) had reversed, and, low and >behold, the values of the young also reversed, and "conservative" was >the cool thing to be. Or just consider (remember?) what high school is >like: lemmings over the cliff, right? - and just about all of us would >follow. I don't know where you get this from. Young kids are always liberal because they have nothing to conserve and they haven't been mugged either by a bad guy or by reality. It's cool to be like Robin Hood, but where are all the cool conservative young you speak of-surely not on campuses-well, a smattering. Do a survey on campuses and simply ask whether the person votes Democrat or Republican. I doubt you will find many "cool" conservatives. Anyway, sure, the environment has impact on social behavior-what's new about that?-but on personality? Nope. All I can do is refer you to my "Stranger in the Nest"(Wiley, 1999) for the evidence and the argument that it just ain't so. It's really quite compelling and some have said liberating. (If you'd rather read a "quick and dirty" version of the argument, try "Where Did THAT Child Come From!" Templegate 2003) Again, you can apply Skinnerian techniques get a bear to dance or a dog to roller skate, just as you can get people to do all sorts of things, even crazy things they will be embarrassed to remember, and they may even be transformed a bit by what they have done (altered self concept), but they remain basically who they are. (I am talking about normal environments, not pathological ones which can crush a person psychologically, but that is another story.) >I'm not a Skinnerian, but I greatly admire Skinner and think that he has >made important contributions to Psychology. I appreciate your points >about "reversion to type" and/or "instinctive drift," but a Skinnerian, >I imagine, would counter that these observations simply mean that the >environment needs to be strong, not weak, if the proper behavior is to >be steadily maintained. . . . Sounds positively totalitarian, but okay. As I said, if you keep the pressure one, yes you can maintain marionette behavior, but that is not a useful or even valid model of the real world, where people with different temperaments intelligence, and personality traits act proactively and seek our their own best-fit environments. There is a large literature on this, and it is one of the reasons that Skinner is so little talked of these days. The Skinnerian world you speak of really does seem totalitarian, and, as any behavior genetic psychologist would agree, the more pressure from the environment, the less that behavior will reveal its genetic potential. I am reminded of something I wrote about in "Out of the Blue: Depression and Human Nature (Norton, 1994): In his classic analysis of communist society, "The Captive Mind," social philosopher Czeslaw Milosz describes two psychological solutions to the helplessness of captivity. One is based on Polish author Stanislaw Witkiewicz's imaginative story of Murti-Bing, a mythical Mongolian philosopher who produced a philosophy-of-life pill. Take the pill, and nervousness and philosophical torment turn into mindless serenity and social pliability. Murti-Bingists find relief in seemingly normal activity that promotes denial. Consequently, they have little genuine enthusiasm for life. They still go to work, take vacations, fall in love, have children, yet with a kind of internal paralysis, a vague sense of emptiness. Real-world people faced with inescapable conditions may act as if they had opted for the the Murti-Bing solution; for them, the genuine self is replaced by a communal, soviet self; they become un-individuals. A second solution is the art of cloaking conviction, attitudes, and beliefs. Accordingly, one achieves a pride of mastering the environment, plus a sense of superiority that comes with putting one over. "To say something is white when one thinks it black, to smile inwardly when one is outwardly solemn, to hate when one manifests love, to know when one pretends not to know, and thus to play one's adversary for a fool (even as he is playing you for one)-these actions lead one to prize one's own cunning above all else." Milosz, writing about communist societies, could just as well have been describing any totalitarian environment where terror and degradation are imposed on captive minds-hapless citizens of communist societies, targeted groups in racist societies, victimized children in abusive families. The Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov envisions such victimization in a mother's fantasy of "tenderness, which is either crushed, or wasted, or transformed into madness; of neglected children humming to themselves in unswept corners; of beautiful weeds that cannot hide from the farmer and helplessly have to watch the shadow of his simian stoop leave mangled flowers in its wake, as the monstrous darkness approaches" Like experimental rats, people entrapped by totalitarian societies are always in danger of stepping over some line-of committing the "crime" of impermissible self-expression, of freely being themselves. Under such existentially threatening conditions, otherwise normal organisms can discover abnormal solutions." There is indeed a Skinnerian aspect to human life, but there is much more to human beings than the ability to respond to rewards and punishments. I bet that Shakespeare would have quickly understood what Skinner was about and after giving him his due, moved on to deeper things. Incidentally, if Skinner is so great, why is there virtually no consideration of his psychology in discussion of Shakespeare? Perhaps I have missed a lot, but I just don't see it, and as I said, even such consideration would deal with a small aspect of human nature, its conditionability, a basic feature of all animals (even single-cell creatures) which no one denies. >I'll give you two better counter instances, or >so I think. Consider alcoholics. As I understand it, Skinnerian >principles have not succeeded in making alcoholics into moderate, social >drinkers. The problem seems to be that there is a strong genetic >component in this disease, perhaps an example of "reversion to type." >Another instance would be stuttering, which neither Freud nor Adler not >Horney nor Skinner was able to cure. Now we think (rightly, I believe) >that this problem is really a slightmisfiring of the nervous system, again, perhaps genetic in origin, and, >as with alcoholism, with an environmental "trigger." These two examples >show the limitations of Skinner, but also, paradoxically, his strength. >For, these examples illustrate that the vast majority of us, those of us >without genetic defects, will respond much as Skinner predicts we will. Well, yes and no. As I said, you can get people to do all sorts of things, just as you can get animals to do all sorts of things. Since we are animals, this is no surprise, and I think, not particularly interesting. What is interesting is how much WE determine the environment, which is a highly misused term, since "the environment" is often a byproduct of the individual's selection and influence, meaning that it is heritable. (It is important to wrap one's mind around the idea that the environment is a biological concept, not just an external one. without appreciating this truth, we miss so much of what human behavior is all about.) Do you really think that the "environment" of an autistic, psychopathic, or hyperactive child isn't biological (determined by the kid). we speak of parenting influences, but what about "childing" influences? I'm afraid Skinner missed the boat on this. Skinner thought of the environment as some sort of Orwellian force operating on creatures from the outside, a force that pushes creatures around. It is sometimes that, but it is often just the opposite-the environment is determined by the individual and as such, it reflects the individual's biopsychology-thus its heritability. As psychologist Sandra Scarr says, "Feeding a well-nourished but short child more and more will not give him the stature of a basketball player. Feeding a below-average intellect more and more information will not make her brilliant. Exposing a shy child to socially demanding events will not make him feel less shy. The child with a below-average intellect and the shy child may gain some specific skills and helpful knowledge of how to behave in specific situations, but their enduring intellectual and personality characteristics will not be fundamentally changed" Your examples of alcoholism and stuttering are good, but not in the way you suggest. They are good because they serve as models for so much behavior that his highly heritable and difficult to change. The large literature on parenting and personality development makes clear that much of what defines us as unique individuals-our personality, intelligence, talents, character, and liabilities to mental disorder-are mostly refractory to parenting influences, however we accommodate our behavior, Skinnerwise. For many of such traits, the influence of this or that kind of parenting is zero-though some heritable traits make us more responsive to certain environmental factors-again, what's inside that counts. Example from "Stranger in the Nest: "Young animals can be reared by adoptive mothers of another breed or even species. Mice bred to be aggressive remain so even if reared by nonaggressive foster-parent mice. Tenacious and combative terriers likewise retain these traits even if reared with placid beagles. Finally, monkeys bred to be uninhibited remain fearless and active despite being raised by inhibited mothers If an expansive nature is relatively impervious to change, what about the opposite, an apprehensive and timid nature? Uptight rhesus monkeys are fearful and withdrawn in novel, depressing, or otherwise challenging situations. During a brief separation from the mother or from peers, uptight monkeys show poor adjustment. Unlike their aggressive or easygoing brethren, they continue to have problems eating and sleeping. They stay put, showing no inclination to explore in hopes of undoing the isolation. Even after reunion, these changes in behavior tend to persist. Some of the uptight monkeys even show withdrawal and other signs of depression. About 15 percent of rhesus monkeys are born uptight, mostly from uptight parents; and they remain uptight for a lifetime, even if they were adoptively reared by easy going and protective mothers. These two observations suggest the trait is highly heritable. The behavioral expression of the trait, however, is another story. During adolescence, rough-and-tumble competition from less inhibited peers can bring out the timidity and anxiety of uptight monkeys, yet such reversion to type is not inevitable. Uptight infants can be reared by nurturant foster mothers, then transferred to an older caretaker couple that keeps watch over them as they play together. Under these safe conditions, those uptight monkeys seem confident; they may even wind up dominating most of their peers. In contrast, uptight monkeys reared by punitive foster mothers seem timid, often winding up at the bottom of the dominance hierarchy where they are readily bullied by everyone. Apparently, the same genetic potential can show up in different, even opposite ways. It all depends on the situation: confident and expansive behavior in safe situations, timid and avoidant behavior in challenging environments. As with rhesus monkeys approximately 15 percent of children are uptight or inhibited from infancy. This temperamental difference is evident in their timidity and shyness, and in their readiness to develop phobias by 7 or 8 years of age-a difference of 32 percent for the timids versus 5 percent for other children was observed in one study.10 The temperamental difference is also evident in their generally elevated heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and stress hormone levels, even the larger diameters of their pupils. Inhibited temperament is most evident in situations involving unfamiliar children or adults. It is also evident in fearfulness, for instance, about being alone or speaking up in class. Siblings of inhibited children also tend to be apprehensive, suggesting, as with rhesus uptightness, that the trait is highly heritable. The similarities of the two species go further. Like their rhesus counterparts, uninhibited children are uninhibited regardless of situation. In contrast, but again like their rhesus counterparts, inhibited children are confident in secure circumstances but apprehensive in insecure situations, reverting to their timid ways when conditions become stressful. Such observations show just how much the impact of rearing depends on inborn tendencies, how temperament (nature) can limit or exaggerate the impact of rearing (nurture). With some traits, differences in rearing may have a relatively small effect on a child's development; with other traits, differences in rearing can make a big difference. >Sociobiology or evolutionary psychology is the newest thing, and it is >in some ways impressive, in other ways, an extended apology for whatever >constitutes the status quo. So it therefore has to be viewed >skeptically: it can justify any wrong by claiming that that wrong is >biologically determined over hundreds of thousands of years and >therefore cannot (or should not) be changed. I don't know where you get any of this (except the skepticism part, with which I heartily concur). It sounds like some sort of anti-biological boiler plate. I know evopsy people and I never heard any of them say any of these things. For example, no one in behavior genetics or evopsy says that things can't or shouldn't be changed, just that the stronger the push from nature, the harder will be the necessary press of society. Two examples: (1) children are barbarians that require constant (Skinnerian, if you like) attention, else they revert to their naturally cruel, anarchic,and selfish natures. This was the message in the absolutely on target "Lord of the Flies." () Men need wives to curb their rabid evolutionarily derived tendency to mate willy-nilly, to be given to sexual jealousy, yet not to be all that interested in caring for offspring (the egg vs sperm argument-women go for quality, men for sex). Show man and women pictures of newbords, women naturally go gaga, while men glaze over or get restless and start giving each other nuggies. When women say that men are pigs, they are talking about evolutionary tendencies that make women justifiably distressed. In the view of evolutionary psychology, men and women are almost two different species! But this is another (rather long) story. Incidentally, there is much of this in Shakespeare, who dramatized much of sociobiological insights about human nature, and the difference between the sexes in human nature. Shakespeare was not just a man of his times, but a man for all seasons. Bravo WS! >But I'd like to hear more >about you view of _Hamlet_: > >1. What are the two sides of Hamlet's personality? I was thinking about the brooding intellectual versus the febrile killer (of Polonius and at the end, Claudius); I suppose one could talk about his dramatic/self-indulgent/hysterical side-acting as a ploy (many actors are introverts converted by the "magic" of the stage or camera into anything needed, including extravagant behavior. Only the behavior, not the personality, is inconsistent. >2. Why is Hamlet dishonorable, in your view? He acts disgracefully to Ophelia (that is unforgivable) and to his mother. He acts disgracefully to the dear old man (Polonius), who in my judgment has gotten a bad rap (If you want to see my argument on this, write me off line). He disgracefully sends his erstwhile friends off to their deaths, when they may have had no idea what was in the letter. He fails to confront Claudius earlier, man-to-man (which is good because had he done so, the play might have been shorter and less interesting). I mean, how much do you need? >3. What evidence shows that Hamlet's actions are unfree/determined? No one can show that with any one individual. Freedom versus free will is something one infers about all people (it is, in a sense, a statistical concept) from the evidence, which is why I offered twin findings. Hamlet may be free in the sense that there is (a) no Providence getting in his way, but merely that things will play out the way they play out (If it be now, 'tis not to come . . . etc. Of course, if you believe that he is working out some Providential demand, than to that extent he is unfree; (b) No one is getting in his way-he can fight Laertes or not. But he is not free, I argue, from the biology and conditioning that have made Hamlet what he is. He really cannot not fight Laertes. I think this is a fair inference, pretending that Hamlet is a real person and therefore that the mechanisms of his psychology are describable in terms of what we know from psychological research, e.g., his introversion is likely genetically determined to a significant degree, since we know from twin and adoption studies that the trait is about 50% heritable, and, if you are interested, that a particular kind of parenting has zero to do with it. Gertrude, you are off the hook on your son's introversion! Of course, there are other likely heritable traits we might imagine that go into the mix that makes Hamlet what he is and that limit his free will in the sense of freedom from biology. But again, heritability is a statistical concept. Thus, FOR ANY INDIVIDUAL, the stronger the genetic influence, the stronger will have to be any countervailing influence, while the weaker the genetic influence, the will have to be any countervailing influence. Introversion is highly heritable, in general, but in any one person, it may be a very "genetic" trait" or a relatively weak trait, depending on the number of "introversion" and other genes one inherits. >4. And last, determined by what? See above David Cohen [4]------------------------------------------------------------- From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 14:32:33 -0500 Subject: 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Comment: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Pamela Richards <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > >If you come to the text already subscribing to a preconceived system of >"truths" with an intention of proving your "truths", no matter how >scientific, well-documented, or psychological they may be, you will find >there what you had expected to see because you are looking into a >mirror. While looking into the mirror of life, you will find the same >truths that you find in life just as anyone else will find the "truths" >to which they already subscribe. This process fascinates, but it brings >us no closer to determining objective "truth" if that is indeed your >goal. Your own set of "truths" applied to the text is insular and >self-referencing because Hamlet lives only in the mirror. We can't >submit samples of Hamlet's blood for DNA analysis to demonstrate the >effects of genetics on his behavior. Well, much of this is true enough, but for me, the thrust of it is incorrect. For one thing, I came to Shakespeare with relatively little in the way of preconceived notions. Rather, I let Shakespeare guide me. Initially, I went through a process of looking through all the plays to find important ideas, then how those ideas combined into larger themes. I wound up with 10 Great Themes, which I have written about, yes, from a psychological perspective. But the idea was to write about Shakespeare's universal themes, themes that are not merely for Elizabethan times, but for all times. So for example, love and sex or good and evil, or fate and free will are psychological universals. Hamlet's procrastination isn't merely Elizabethan, but deeply human in a way that we can understand today in the currency of modern psychology. What I discovered was that Shakespeare's genius applies to the human nature of all cultures, certainly Western cultures, and all times. For all I know, these qualities of human nature go back to cro Magnon or even homo erectus times. And forget about DNA analysis to demonstrate the effect of genetics on behavior. With a few exceptions (presenilin 1 and 2 for early-onset Alzheimer's; MAO-A deficiency and antisocial behavior; the CGG repeat mutation and fragile X mental retardation), DNA has not been reliably identified in any of the major psychopathologies, not to mention personality traits. Behavior genetics (as opposed to genetics) is the best we can do these days, to show that there are strong genetic influences in this or that trait (IQ, extroversion, etc) >In applying linguistic science to the plays, we find the structure of >the plays provides clues which guide us to conclusions about the >possible motivations of the characters in the plays, and the author >himself . . . I doubt if I will be able to persuade you to look at the text from this >perspective, since it is probably counter to your inclination, training, >and interest. I have no problem with any perspective that is articulated in plain language. There is no reason that someone with a strong point of view can't appreciate and learn from other points of view, whether it be cultural or psychological. That's why I find this list so helpful. >On the other hand, I am quite sure you will not be able >to convince me that you can demonstrate your objective "truths" about >human behavior by using the plays as a proving ground devoid of historic >and cultural context. Well, fortunately, I am not trying to convince you of anything-merely offering facts and ideas I believe will be useful, that you can either appreciate or dismiss David Cohen _______________________________________________________________ S H A K S P E R: The Global Shakespeare Discussion List Hardy M. Cook,This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The S H A K S P E R Web Site <http://www.shaksper.net> DISCLAIMER: Although SHAKSPER is a moderated discussion list, the opinions expressed on it are the sole property of the poster, and the editor assumes no responsibility for them.
The Shakespeare Conference: SHK 15.1274 Tuesday, 15 June 2004 [1] From: Bill Arnold <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 06:16:12 -0700 (PDT) Subj: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago [2] From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 11:46:42 -0500 Subj: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago [3] From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 14:30:08 -0500 Subj: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzag [4] From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 14:30:08 -0500 Subj: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzag [1]----------------------------------------------------------------- From: Bill Arnold <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 06:16:12 -0700 (PDT) Subject: 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Comment: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Pamela Richards writes, "Hamlet believes that a person can see a ghost and still be sane." OK: this sentence and that follows from its ill-advised logic is sheer nonsense. OK: it seems to escapes some on SHAKSPER that *Hamlet* the play is a work of fiction, and that characters in plays, such as the spirit/ghost of Prince Hamlet's father is a fictional character in a play. Haven't you seen *E.T.* or *Star Wars*? Bill Arnold http://www.cwru.edu/affil/edis/scholars/arnold.htm [2]------------------------------------------------------------- From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 11:46:42 -0500 Subject: 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Comment: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Pamela Richards <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > >I find it fascinating, if inexplicable, that of all the kinds of >psychological studies that exist, apparently there are very few that >touch on belief systems as a factor underlying behavior. We might for a >moment assume that in most human beings who are not suffering from >pathology, beliefs are one factor that are taken into consideration when >a person makes a choice about how to behave. In fact, someone who is >mentally unbalanced could still have a belief system, which although it >corresponded poorly to reality or what we might call "truth", served to >motivate his actions. I think that forensic "profilers" deal with these >and other factors to learn about and anticipate the behavior of their >subjects. You are right about this, except for one thing. There is social psychological research-for the most up-to-date information on this, you'd have to consult an expert in the area of beliefs and behavior, which I am not-that shows how much our beliefs are the EFFECT of our behavior. So it is not always the case that we consciously formulate beliefs and then act, because we sometimes act rather mindlessly and formulate beliefs afterwards, i.e., I must believe X because I have been behaving as though I believed X. But Hamlet is a highly sensitive introvert, so my guess is that a for the most part, it is beliefs ->action, as you say >But instead of examining some hypothetical subject of "profiling" as an >example of this principle, we might return to the topic of Shakespeare's >play as a mirror of life for a moment and place a few of Hamlet's >apparent underlying beliefs under the microscope to see if he >demonstrates the principle of correspondence between belief and behavior . . . . I don't see anything wrong with any of this (litote?) >We could go on. I wonder how many items of the short list of beliefs >named above would be shared by those applying research in the field of >psychology to determine "truth?" I and two, most definitely not; 4 probably not. >Or, if we divorce Hamlet as Shakespeare wrote him from his beliefs and >force him to live consistently with modern-day beliefs shared by you and >other psychological researchers, let us be prepared to see some "antic" >behaviors that will be very hard to explain. Well, you wouldn't have Hamlet as Shakespeare wrote him, but I don't see why it would be hard to explain his antic behavior as a ploy >Is it true that there is no branch of the science of psychology that >looks into the belief structures of individuals or societies to help >explain behavior? It does seem like such a ripe field for study. Consult the social psychology area researchers at your local University, or get a hold of an Introduction to Psychology textbook and look up beliefs in the index David Cohen [3]------------------------------------------------------------- From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 14:30:08 -0500 Subject: 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Comment: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Edmund Taft <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > >David Cohen informs us that > >"The point can be applied to characters like Othello, for the power of >the Iagos of this world depend on the psychology of their victims. The >locus of explanation cannot simply be the Skinnerian "outside," a fact >upon which the heroic ship of Skinnerianism has foundered." > >Yes and no. As I'm sure you know, Skinner would argue that thinking does >not cause action - that's a fundamental mistake that we humans make. We >think AND act: action is not a by-product of will, volition, or thought; >it is shaped by the environment, period. So, in the case of Othello, >what happens (Skinner believes) is that once Iago begins to shape >Othello's environment, Othello's feelings and thoughts naturally follow >suit and conform to whatever belief system is reinforced by the >surrounding environment. Well, the fact is not what Skinner believes but what is actually so. (In fact, it is not what anyone says, including what I say, that makes something so, but evidence and by evidence I don't mean just what some talking head says is so, else the "truth" in all this is what the guy with the best logic and the most delightful metaphors says is true.) What you describe is marionette behavior-". . . what happens (Skinner believes) is that once Iago begins to shape Othello's environment, Othello's feelings and thoughts naturally follow suit and conform to whatever belief system is reinforced by the surrounding environment. Fact is, some people in some situations may act like marionettes, but others not. You seem to think that anyone could be duped by a Iago. But everything we know from individual differences psychology is that this can't be true. Why? Because there is more to behavior than just Skinnerian shaping. I thought my examples posted earlier made that abundantly clear-that what is inside is as important as what is outside. In the case of Othello, it is his peculiar temperament (febrile, sensitive, hypermasculine, i.e., given to sexual jealousy) that allows Iago to be effective. Iago brings out what is in Othello, he does not just put something in. Do you think that Skinnerian shaping via rewards and punishments can get an ordinary kid to play the piano like Rubinstein? You can use it to get a bear to dance, but it remains a bear, none the less. Do you think that punishing a great talent can do more than frustrate it. Leonard Bernstein's parents, fearing he might become a professional musician, tried to dissuade him by getting rid of the family piano! Fat chance. Carl Gauss was born about 200 years ago in a peasant's cottage located in what is now Germany. Little Carl had few educational opportunities during his "formative years." Talk about education disadvantage! What little parental encouragement he did get came from his mother. His father, an uncouth gardener, bricklayer, and canal tender, disapproved mightily of his son's interest in numbers. The worst possible upbringing for nurturing a talent. Moreover, Carl's giftedness was frustrated at school by a teacher who was as brutish as he was ignorant. It was frustrated at home by a father whose attitude was that, "Education is a passport to hell." Yet despite such disadvantages during his "formative years," Carl at age nineteen had become the greatest mathematician of all Europe. Some years later, he would become one of the greatest mathematicians and scientific geniuses of all time. Such amazing stories do more than tell about extraordinary children. They illuminate a deep truth about all children: Much of a child's psychological development is self-determined, not socially programmed. Much of it depends on talent and temperament, not instruction and reinforcement. And much of it resists pressure from external influences that would force it to be other than what it is. Carl Gauss's story well illustrates this fact of life. It reminds us just how much kids really are like rubber bands, resisting change imposed by circumstances, but if forced to change, reverting to their normal "shape" when circumstances permit. This is what Skinner failed to appreciate, for all his greatness. You seem to be confusing what people do and what they are, or suggesting that what they are is merely what they do. I beg to differ. Moreover, if Skinner was so right about behavior, why is is work pretty much a footnote in current psychological fields. The promise of Skinnerian psychology has gone the way of psychoanalytic theory, certainly its etiological side. Freud put too much into the mind, Skinner put too little. >With all due respect, Skinner is in no way the simpleton you make him >out to be. Proof that Skinner has made an important point is as easy as >comparing the 60's to the 90's. In the 60's, liberal thought was >everywhere and young people were almost automatically liberals. In the >go-go 90's, the climate (the environment) had reversed, and, low and >behold, the values of the young also reversed, and "conservative" was >the cool thing to be. Or just consider (remember?) what high school is >like: lemmings over the cliff, right? - and just about all of us would >follow. I don't know where you get this from. Young kids are always liberal because they have nothing to conserve and they haven't been mugged either by a bad guy or by reality. It's cool to be like Robin Hood, but where are all the cool conservative young you speak of-surely not on campuses-well, a smattering. Do a survey on campuses and simply ask whether the person votes Democrat or Republican. I doubt you will find many "cool" conservatives. Anyway, sure, the environment has impact on social behavior-what's new about that?-but on personality? Nope. All I can do is refer you to my "Stranger in the Nest"(Wiley, 1999) for the evidence and the argument that it just ain't so. It's really quite compelling and some have said liberating. (If you'd rather read a "quick and dirty" version of the argument, try "Where Did THAT Child Come From!" Templegate 2003) Again, you can apply Skinnerian techniques get a bear to dance or a dog to roller skate, just as you can get people to do all sorts of things, even crazy things they will be embarrassed to remember, and they may even be transformed a bit by what they have done (altered self concept), but they remain basically who they are. (I am talking about normal environments, not pathological ones which can crush a person psychologically, but that is another story.) >I'm not a Skinnerian, but I greatly admire Skinner and think that he has >made important contributions to Psychology. I appreciate your points >about "reversion to type" and/or "instinctive drift," but a Skinnerian, >I imagine, would counter that these observations simply mean that the >environment needs to be strong, not weak, if the proper behavior is to >be steadily maintained. . . . Sounds positively totalitarian, but okay. As I said, if you keep the pressure one, yes you can maintain marionette behavior, but that is not a useful or even valid model of the real world, where people with different temperaments intelligence, and personality traits act proactively and seek our their own best-fit environments. There is a large literature on this, and it is one of the reasons that Skinner is so little talked of these days. The Skinnerian world you speak of really does seem totalitarian, and, as any behavior genetic psychologist would agree, the more pressure from the environment, the less that behavior will reveal its genetic potential. I am reminded of something I wrote about in "Out of the Blue: Depression and Human Nature (Norton, 1994): In his classic analysis of communist society, "The Captive Mind," social philosopher Czeslaw Milosz describes two psychological solutions to the helplessness of captivity. One is based on Polish author Stanislaw Witkiewicz's imaginative story of Murti-Bing, a mythical Mongolian philosopher who produced a philosophy-of-life pill. Take the pill, and nervousness and philosophical torment turn into mindless serenity and social pliability. Murti-Bingists find relief in seemingly normal activity that promotes denial. Consequently, they have little genuine enthusiasm for life. They still go to work, take vacations, fall in love, have children, yet with a kind of internal paralysis, a vague sense of emptiness. Real-world people faced with inescapable conditions may act as if they had opted for the the Murti-Bing solution; for them, the genuine self is replaced by a communal, soviet self; they become un-individuals. A second solution is the art of cloaking conviction, attitudes, and beliefs. Accordingly, one achieves a pride of mastering the environment, plus a sense of superiority that comes with putting one over. "To say something is white when one thinks it black, to smile inwardly when one is outwardly solemn, to hate when one manifests love, to know when one pretends not to know, and thus to play one's adversary for a fool (even as he is playing you for one)-these actions lead one to prize one's own cunning above all else." Milosz, writing about communist societies, could just as well have been describing any totalitarian environment where terror and degradation are imposed on captive minds-hapless citizens of communist societies, targeted groups in racist societies, victimized children in abusive families. The Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov envisions such victimization in a mother's fantasy of "tenderness, which is either crushed, or wasted, or transformed into madness; of neglected children humming to themselves in unswept corners; of beautiful weeds that cannot hide from the farmer and helplessly have to watch the shadow of his simian stoop leave mangled flowers in its wake, as the monstrous darkness approaches" Like experimental rats, people entrapped by totalitarian societies are always in danger of stepping over some line-of committing the "crime" of impermissible self-expression, of freely being themselves. Under such existentially threatening conditions, otherwise normal organisms can discover abnormal solutions." There is indeed a Skinnerian aspect to human life, but there is much more to human beings than the ability to respond to rewards and punishments. I bet that Shakespeare would have quickly understood what Skinner was about and after giving him his due, moved on to deeper things. Incidentally, if Skinner is so great, why is there virtually no consideration of his psychology in discussion of Shakespeare? Perhaps I have missed a lot, but I just don't see it, and as I said, even such consideration would deal with a small aspect of human nature, its conditionability, a basic feature of all animals (even single-cell creatures) which no one denies. >I'll give you two better counter instances, or >so I think. Consider alcoholics. As I understand it, Skinnerian >principles have not succeeded in making alcoholics into moderate, social >drinkers. The problem seems to be that there is a strong genetic >component in this disease, perhaps an example of "reversion to type." >Another instance would be stuttering, which neither Freud nor Adler not >Horney nor Skinner was able to cure. Now we think (rightly, I believe) >that this problem is really a slightmisfiring of the nervous system, again, perhaps genetic in origin, and, >as with alcoholism, with an environmental "trigger." These two examples >show the limitations of Skinner, but also, paradoxically, his strength. >For, these examples illustrate that the vast majority of us, those of us >without genetic defects, will respond much as Skinner predicts we will. Well, yes and no. As I said, you can get people to do all sorts of things, just as you can get animals to do all sorts of things. Since we are animals, this is no surprise, and I think, not particularly interesting. What is interesting is how much WE determine the environment, which is a highly misused term, since "the environment" is often a byproduct of the individual's selection and influence, meaning that it is heritable. (It is important to wrap one's mind around the idea that the environment is a biological concept, not just an external one. without appreciating this truth, we miss so much of what human behavior is all about.) Do you really think that the "environment" of an autistic, psychopathic, or hyperactive child isn't biological (determined by the kid). we speak of parenting influences, but what about "childing" influences? I'm afraid Skinner missed the boat on this. Skinner thought of the environment as some sort of Orwellian force operating on creatures from the outside, a force that pushes creatures around. It is sometimes that, but it is often just the opposite-the environment is determined by the individual and as such, it reflects the individual's biopsychology-thus its heritability. As psychologist Sandra Scarr says, "Feeding a well-nourished but short child more and more will not give him the stature of a basketball player. Feeding a below-average intellect more and more information will not make her brilliant. Exposing a shy child to socially demanding events will not make him feel less shy. The child with a below-average intellect and the shy child may gain some specific skills and helpful knowledge of how to behave in specific situations, but their enduring intellectual and personality characteristics will not be fundamentally changed" Your examples of alcoholism and stuttering are good, but not in the way you suggest. They are good because they serve as models for so much behavior that his highly heritable and difficult to change. The large literature on parenting and personality development makes clear that much of what defines us as unique individuals-our personality, intelligence, talents, character, and liabilities to mental disorder-are mostly refractory to parenting influences, however we accommodate our behavior, Skinnerwise. For many of such traits, the influence of this or that kind of parenting is zero-though some heritable traits make us more responsive to certain environmental factors-again, what's inside that counts. Example from "Stranger in the Nest: "Young animals can be reared by adoptive mothers of another breed or even species. Mice bred to be aggressive remain so even if reared by nonaggressive foster-parent mice. Tenacious and combative terriers likewise retain these traits even if reared with placid beagles. Finally, monkeys bred to be uninhibited remain fearless and active despite being raised by inhibited mothers . If an expansive nature is relatively impervious to change, what about the opposite, an apprehensive and timid nature? Uptight rhesus monkeys are fearful and withdrawn in novel, depressing, or otherwise challenging situations. During a brief separation from the mother or from peers, uptight monkeys show poor adjustment. Unlike their aggressive or easygoing brethren, they continue to have problems eating and sleeping. They stay put, showing no inclination to explore in hopes of undoing the isolation. Even after reunion, these changes in behavior tend to persist. Some of the uptight monkeys even show withdrawal and other signs of depression. About 15 percent of rhesus monkeys are born uptight, mostly from uptight parents; and they remain uptight for a lifetime, even if they were adoptively reared by easy going and protective mothers. These two observations suggest the trait is highly heritable. The behavioral expression of the trait, however, is another story. During adolescence, rough-and-tumble competition from less inhibited peers can bring out the timidity and anxiety of uptight monkeys, yet such reversion to type is not inevitable. Uptight infants can be reared by nurturant foster mothers, then transferred to an older caretaker couple that keeps watch over them as they play together. Under these safe conditions, those uptight monkeys seem confident; they may even wind up dominating most of their peers. In contrast, uptight monkeys reared by punitive foster mothers seem timid, often winding up at the bottom of the dominance hierarchy where they are readily bullied by everyone. Apparently, the same genetic potential can show up in different, even opposite ways. It all depends on the situation: confident and expansive behavior in safe situations, timid and avoidant behavior in challenging environments. As with rhesus monkeys approximately 15 percent of children are uptight or inhibited from infancy. This temperamental difference is evident in their timidity and shyness, and in their readiness to develop phobias by 7 or 8 years of age-a difference of 32 percent for the timids versus 5 percent for other children was observed in one study.10 The temperamental difference is also evident in their generally elevated heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and stress hormone levels, even the larger diameters of their pupils. Inhibited temperament is most evident in situations involving unfamiliar children or adults. It is also evident in fearfulness, for instance, about being alone or speaking up in class. Siblings of inhibited children also tend to be apprehensive, suggesting, as with rhesus uptightness, that the trait is highly heritable. The similarities of the two species go further. Like their rhesus counterparts, uninhibited children are uninhibited regardless of situation. In contrast, but again like their rhesus counterparts, inhibited children are confident in secure circumstances but apprehensive in insecure situations, reverting to their timid ways when conditions become stressful. Such observations show just how much the impact of rearing depends on inborn tendencies, how temperament (nature) can limit or exaggerate the impact of rearing (nurture). With some traits, differences in rearing may have a relatively small effect on a child's development; with other traits, differences in rearing can make a big difference. >Sociobiology or evolutionary psychology is the newest thing, and it is >in some ways impressive, in other ways, an extended apology for whatever >constitutes the status quo. So it therefore has to be viewed >skeptically: it can justify any wrong by claiming that that wrong is >biologically determined over hundreds of thousands of years and >therefore cannot (or should not) be changed. I don't know where you get any of this (except the skepticism part, with which I heartily concur). It sounds like some sort of anti-biological boiler plate. I know evopsy people and I never heard any of them say any of these things. For example, no one in behavior genetics or evopsy says that things can't or shouldn't be changed, just that the stronger the push from nature, the harder will be the necessary press of society. Two examples: (1) children are barbarians that require constant (Skinnerian, if you like) attention, else they revert to their naturally cruel, anarchic,and selfish natures. This was the message in the absolutely on target "Lord of the Flies." () Men need wives to curb their rabid evolutionarily derived tendency to mate willy-nilly, to be given to sexual jealousy, yet not to be all that interested in caring for offspring (the egg vs sperm argument-women go for quality, men for sex). Show man and women pictures of newbords, women naturally go gaga, while men glaze over or get restless and start giving each other nuggies. When women say that men are pigs, they are talking about evolutionary tendencies that make women justifiably distressed. In the view of evolutionary psychology, men and women are almost two different species! But this is another (rather long) story. Incidentally, there is much of this in Shakespeare, who dramatized much of sociobiological insights about human nature, and the difference between the sexes in human nature. Shakespeare was not just a man of his times, but a man for all seasons. Bravo WS! >But I'd like to hear more >about you view of _Hamlet_: > >1. What are the two sides of Hamlet's personality? I was thinking about the brooding intellectual versus the febrile killer (of Polonius and at the end, Claudius); I suppose one could talk about his dramatic/self-indulgent/hysterical side-acting as a ploy (many actors are introverts converted by the "magic" of the stage or camera into anything needed, including extravagant behavior. Only the behavior, not the personality, is inconsistent. >2. Why is Hamlet dishonorable, in your view? He acts disgracefully to Ophelia (that is unforgivable) and to his mother. He acts disgracefully to the dear old man (Polonius), who in my judgment has gotten a bad rap (If you want to see my argument on this, write me off line). He disgracefully sends his erstwhile friends off to their deaths, when they may have had no idea what was in the letter. He fails to confront Claudius earlier, man-to-man (which is good because had he done so, the play might have been shorter and less interesting). I mean, how much do you need? >3. What evidence shows that Hamlet's actions are unfree/determined? No one can show that with any one individual. Freedom versus free will is something one infers about all people (it is, in a sense, a statistical concept) from the evidence, which is why I offered twin findings. Hamlet may be free in the sense that there is (a) no Providence getting in his way, but merely that things will play out the way they play out (If it be now, 'tis not to come . . . etc. Of course, if you believe that he is working out some Providential demand, than to that extent he is unfree; (b) No one is getting in his way-he can fight Laertes or not. But he is not free, I argue, from the biology and conditioning that have made Hamlet what he is. He really cannot not fight Laertes. I think this is a fair inference, pretending that Hamlet is a real person and therefore that the mechanisms of his psychology are describable in terms of what we know from psychological research, e.g., his introversion is likely genetically determined to a significant degree, since we know from twin and adoption studies that the trait is about 50% heritable, and, if you are interested, that a particular kind of parenting has zero to do with it. Gertrude, you are off the hook on your son's introversion! Of course, there are other likely heritable traits we might imagine that go into the mix that makes Hamlet what he is and that limit his free will in the sense of freedom from biology. But again, heritability is a statistical concept. Thus, FOR ANY INDIVIDUAL, the stronger the genetic influence, the stronger will have to be any countervailing influence, while the weaker the genetic influence, the will have to be any countervailing influence. Introversion is highly heritable, in general, but in any one person, it may be a very "genetic" trait" or a relatively weak trait, depending on the number of "introversion" and other genes one inherits. >4. And last, determined by what? See above David Cohen [4]------------------------------------------------------------- From: David Cohen <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > Date: Monday, 14 Jun 2004 14:32:33 -0500 Subject: 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Comment: Re: SHK 15.1262 The Murder of Gonzago Pamela Richards <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. > >If you come to the text already subscribing to a preconceived system of >"truths" with an intention of proving your "truths", no matter how >scientific, well-documented, or psychological they may be, you will find >there what you had expected to see because you are looking into a >mirror. While looking into the mirror of life, you will find the same >truths that you find in life just as anyone else will find the "truths" >to which they already subscribe. This process fascinates, but it brings >us no closer to determining objective "truth" if that is indeed your >goal. Your own set of "truths" applied to the text is insular and >self-referencing because Hamlet lives only in the mirror. We can't >submit samples of Hamlet's blood for DNA analysis to demonstrate the >effects of genetics on his behavior. Well, much of this is true enough, but for me, the thrust of it is incorrect. For one thing, I came to Shakespeare with relatively little in the way of preconceived notions. Rather, I let Shakespeare guide me. Initially, I went through a process of looking through all the plays to find important ideas, then how those ideas combined into larger themes. I wound up with 10 Great Themes, which I have written about, yes, from a psychological perspective. But the idea was to write about Shakespeare's universal themes, themes that are not merely for Elizabethan times, but for all times. So for example, love and sex or good and evil, or fate and free will are psychological universals. Hamlet's procrastination isn't merely Elizabethan, but deeply human in a way that we can understand today in the currency of modern psychology. What I discovered was that Shakespeare's genius applies to the human nature of all cultures, certainly Western cultures, and all times. For all I know, these qualities of human nature go back to cro Magnon or even homo erectus times. And forget about DNA analysis to demonstrate the effect of genetics on behavior. With a few exceptions (presenilin 1 and 2 for early-onset Alzheimer's; MAO-A deficiency and antisocial behavior; the CGG repeat mutation and fragile X mental retardation), DNA has not been reliably identified in any of the major psychopathologies, not to mention personality traits. Behavior genetics (as opposed to genetics) is the best we can do these days, to show that there are strong genetic influences in this or that trait (IQ, extroversion, etc) >In applying linguistic science to the plays, we find the structure of >the plays provides clues which guide us to conclusions about the >possible motivations of the characters in the plays, and the author >himself . . . I doubt if I will be able to persuade you to look at the text from this >perspective, since it is probably counter to your inclination, training, >and interest. I have no problem with any perspective that is articulated in plain language. There is no reason that someone with a strong point of view can't appreciate and learn from other points of view, whether it be cultural or psychological. That's why I find this list so helpful. >On the other hand, I am quite sure you will not be able >to convince me that you can demonstrate your objective "truths" about >human behavior by using the plays as a proving ground devoid of historic >and cultural context. Well, fortunately, I am not trying to convince you of anything-merely offering facts and ideas I believe will be useful, that you can either appreciate or dismiss David Cohen _______________________________________________________________ S H A K S P E R: The Global Shakespeare Discussion List Hardy M. Cook,This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The S H A K S P E R Web Site <http://www.shaksper.net> DISCLAIMER: Although SHAKSPER is a moderated discussion list, the opinions expressed on it are the sole property of the poster, and the editor assumes no responsibility for them.